The Nature Of The Embryonic Stem Cell Research - 966 Words

Introduction Human embryo’s and stem cell research has always been a controversial issue throughout society. Some believe that stem cell research promises future cures for many incurable diseases, whereas others believe that it is immortal to produce human embryo’s that are ultimately going to be thrown away and used as biological material. The nature of the embryonic stem cell debate is whether or not humanity should proceed with destroying human embryos for reasons such as learning about human development, discovering medical treatments, and testing drugs for pharmaceutical companies. Embryonic stem cell research poses two moral problems including the duty to prevent or eliminate suffering, and the duty to respect the value of human life. This essay will show the Natural Law’s views on this topic as well as the opposing views of Utilitarianism. Natural Law Body 1 The most significant argument against embryo research is that an embryo should be treated as a human being, which would make embryo research equivalent to murder. According to Leis (2010), â€Å"The use of human embryos or fetuses as an object of experimentation constitutes a crime against their dignity as human beings who have a right to the same respect owed to a child once born, just as to every person† (p. 111). This means that we should not be creating a human life with the intention of destroying it. According to the Natural Law, the body of a human being from the very first stage of its existence can neverShow MoreRelatedStem Cells: Characterization and Biomedical Importance Essay example854 Words   |  4 PagesOver the past decade, stem cell biology has been an area that has caused much controversy. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into many different types of cells and therefore, advocates of stem cell research argue that the cells ha ve various medical applications. On the other hand, opponents of stem cell research denounce the use of human embryos for research purposes, claiming that the embryos represent human lives and that experimentation with them and subsequent annihilation of themRead MoreThe Benefits Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1184 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Embryonic stem cell research will prolong life, improve life and give hope for life to millions of people.† This quote by Jim Ramstad is about the benefits of Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Stem cells give us many opportunities to find the mechanisms that help regulate embryonic development, organ maintenance, and cellular differentiation. (Ramalho-Santos and Willenbring 35-38). Embryonic stem cell research has been around for many years. It has proven to be very beneficial to the medical world,Read MoreThe Debate Concerning Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesof embryonic stem cell research. The embryonic stem ce ll debate has polarized the country into those who argue that such research holds promises of ending a great deal of human suffering and others who condemn such research as involving the abortion of a potential human life. If any answer to the ethical debate surrounding this particular aspect of stem cell research exists, it is a hazy one at best. The question facing many scientists and policymakers involved in embryonic stem cell research isRead MoreStem Cells And Stem Cell Research1477 Words   |  6 Pagessociety is that of stem cells. Stem cells are the cells in the early human developmental stage that form to be any type of cell. Not only do these cells have the ability to transform, but they also act as the body’s repair system. With this knowledge, the scientific community has used these traits to help cure diseases and even save lives. However, there is a problem using stem cells for research. There are two kinds of stem cells that exist, Somatic stem cells and embryonic stem cells. The firstRead MoreStem Cell Research Debate1119 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Stem Cell Research Debate There are only a small number of issues that are controversial as far as the public, the government and scientists are concerned. The father of all issues, however, is the debate that revolves around the ethics of stem cell research. Stem cells can be defined as those cells in an embryo that essentially give rise to the entire organism (Capra, 1999). In the contemporary world of today, the issue of embryonic stem cell research is one of this controversial significantRead MoreStem Cells a.k.a. Mother Cells have the Ability to Replenish Tissue and Regenerate Organs841 Words   |  3 PagesStem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity and potential to develop into specialized-functioning cells. They are known as the â€Å"mother cells,† due to their ability to replenish tissue and regenerate organs. The two types of stem cells are embryonic and somatic (adult) cells. Embryonic stems cells (ESCs) have not been differentiated, whereas somatic adult cells (ASCs) have. In other words, embryonic stem cells can be coded to become any specific cell required by the body. Adult stemRead More Embryonic and Adult Stem Cell Research Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesEmbryonic and Adult Stem Cell Research With the advent of a wide variety of scientific advances in the medical field, especially those improvements in health-related fields, the quality of life for the earth’s inhabitants has improved greatly over the past century. Scientists continue to improve upon current knowledge and expand the field of medicine. Over the past few years, scientists have performed significant research pertaining to the study of stem cells. Many researchers see potentialRead MoreEssay about Pros and Cons of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1261 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst Embryonic Stem Cell research mainly because they consider it unethical to use aborted fetuses for research. The two main issues concerning the research are the ethics (Cons) and the benefits (Pros). In any scientific case, ethics must always be considered. But the use of fetuses is something that is of the utmost importance. The costs are generally measured based off of people’s feelings, morals, and knowledge about the sub ject up for debate. The use of aborted fetuses for stem cell researchRead MoreEssay Problems with Embryonic Stem-Cell Research1416 Words   |  6 PagesRecently in the scientific world, the field of embryonic stem cell research has become a popular topic and has been the subject for many heated debates. Experts in the field of stem cell research promise that this will be the future of medicine; that stem cells will be the cure to all the debilitating diseases and afflictions of today, such as Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, cancer and nerve damage. The truth about embryonic stem cell research is that it is not as hopeful and as revolutionaryRead MoreResearch On Stem Cell Research Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pages Stem Cell Research James A Merritt PIMA Medical institute Embryonic stem cell research is a controversial topic. In the religious aspect its man trying to play the authority of GOD on whether people should live, die or suffer from ailments and injuries. On a scientific and medical aspect it is compassionate people looking

The Positive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange - 1643 Words

The term â€Å"Columbian Exchange† refers to the massive transfer of life between the Afro-Eurasian and American hemispheres that was precipitated by Columbus’ voyage to the New World . It was known as the widespread interchange of plants, animals, diseases, culture, human populations and technology between Europe and the Americas. After Columbus’ arrival to the Americas, the plant, animal and bacterial life began to mix between the Americas, which was also referred to as the â€Å"New World† and Europe, which was also referred to as the â€Å"Old World†. But how did the Columbian Exchange influence the Americas? The Columbian exchange had a huge effect, biologically, culturally, and demographically. While the Columbian exchange had its positive†¦show more content†¦As a result, the Americans and their possibly their descendants, enjoyed freedom from most of the infectious diseases that plagued populations. Surprisingly people who resided in Africa and Eurasia were not susceptible to these diseases because they had lived among those populations. However, the same cannot be said for the Native Americans. They had no such immunities. Adults and children alike were afflicted by wave after wave of viruses, which produced a drastic decrease in population. Looking at history, we always wonder how a population dies out or how an entire civilization goes missing. And it’s because of the viruses that the Europeans brought over. For example, let’s take a look at the Aztec civilization in South America. Historians state that no one knows what happened to the Aztecs. History states that the Spanish ventured to South America in search of gold. The Spanish could have been carrying diseases such as malaria or small pox that could have wiped out the entire civilization. Another example that history teaches us is the story of Pocahontas. History also states that Pocahontas died of small pox. And where did small pox originate? Europe. So it’s no surprise that the Native American tribes came close to being wiped out by the Europeans. The beginning of demographicShow MoreRelatedPositive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange703 Words   |  3 Pagesthe time period known as the Columbian Exchange. Most of what the Europeans took from the Exchange was good, but some of what they brought was devastating to the people in the New World. Although, this time period was very brutal for the Native Americans, the Columbian Exchange resulted in the transmitting of new technologies, an increase in remedies and cures for diseases, and a growth in resources such as food that helped to improve life. During the Columbian Exchange there were civilizations thatRead MoreThe Positive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of plants, animals, human populations, diseases, cultures, and ideas throughout the world. The new worlds that had been discovered were a part of this Columbian Exchange, and were exposed to many new and foreign goods as well as people. The Americas, or New World, were faced with harsh treatment from Columbus and his crew, along with the rampant spread of new diseases that took a large toll on the Native populations. The Indies were alsoRead MorePositive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange837 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange had many effects on the world we know and live in today. There are many views on whether these effects were a positive or negative impact on us. The exchange brought diseases and slavery, but it also brought new technologies and culture. Throughout history there have been conquerors and conquered, the Americas are no different. Though the impact on the natives was unpleasant, I believe the Columbian Exchange was a positive event for the New World because it brought technologicalRead MoreEssay on Positive and Negative Effects of the Columbian Exchange788 Words   |  4 Pagesdiseases to both hemispheres, a loss of preservation of native American culture in the New World, and the unhealthy effect of tobacco in the Old World, it made an overall positive impact in lasting terms by the introduction of religion and horses and cattle in the New World and the new agriculture advancements and alpacas. The Eastern-Western hemisphere encounter was obviously positive in the Western hemisphere because of the fact that most of us here would have never been born, but the introductionRead MoreThe Cultural Impacts Of The Columbian Exchange775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange By definition, the Columbian Exchange is described as the transatlantic flow of goods, people, and diseases, beginning with Christopher Columbus’s voyages and discovery of the New World in 1492. (Give Me Liberty!) This interpretation, however, does not give this event the acknowledgement it deserves, as the effects of this complex transaction made a significant impact of the modern history of the world. It completely shaped the world humans live in today, from the languagesRead MoreWhat Was The Columbian Exchange? Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesresult of this was The Columbian Exchange in which there was a large trade of animals, plants, technology, culture, slaves, diseases, and even new religions. This exchange effected the way Europeans, Americans, Asians, and Africans lived their daily lives. The Columbian exchange was by far one of the most paramount events in the history of world technology, agriculture, culture, and ecology. In this research paper the following will b e answered: What is the Columbian Exchange? Plants and animals transportedRead Morecolumbian exchange817 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Columbian Exchange The Columbian exchange created an enormous interchange of various political ideas, cultures, foods, diseases, animals, and people between the old world and the new world, this give and take relationship caused many changes some positive and some negative between the two areas and help redistribute resources between the two hemispheres. There were many positive things that happened as a result of the Columbian exchange. Potatoes and corn became major food sources forRead MoreNegative Effects Of The Columbian Exchange1498 Words   |  6 Pagesin starting the Columbian exchange. The Columbian exchange was the process of the New World and the Old World transferring ideas, plants, animals, culture, human populations, and manufactured goods across the Atlantic Ocean throughout the 15th and the 16th century. Even though there were many positive results out of the exchange including the finding of the Americas, new plant and animal species, and the Europeans gaining more land to grow their Old-World crops, the overall effects were negative.Read MoreColumbian Exchange Dbq889 Words   |  4 PagesColumbian Exchange BBQ The Columbian Exchange was a major milestone in the diffusion of the New and Old World. In 1492, Columbus arrived in the Bahamas(2), where he first came in contact with Native Americans. There, both exchanged their cultures such as crops, animals, metals, and germs, hence the name, Colombian Exchange. This has brought about both positive and negative effects. While some negative impacts are exemplified by the near-genocide of Amerindians, the demerits are outweighed by theRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus s Discoveries1247 Words   |  5 Pages Positive Impact of Christopher Columbus’s Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuries

Lord Of Flies By William Golding Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Imagine that you are in charge of puting up a civilisation. What would be the first thing that you did? Many people might take to put up a system of regulations and ordinances to better command the manner the civilisation acted and regulated it. After all, a civilisation can non turn and thrive without regulations. The civilisation would decease because no nutrient would be gathered and no 1 would work for anything. In Lord of the Flies, William Golding had the male childs do precisely this. To typify the regulations and ordinances in the male childs? new society Golding picked a symbol of the conch. By making this he assigned the conch the duty of stand foring the regulations and order in the male childs island life. The conch symbolized the rise and autumn of order and regulations in a civilisation. When the United States of America were created, one of the first things that the establishing male parents did was to compose the Constitution. Every citizen of the USA, so and now, respects the regulations and ordinances outlined by this papers. This is one of the chief grounds why our state is so successful, because no 1 disrespects and inquiries the footing of our society, the Constitution ( regulations and order ) . In Iraq, nevertheless, there is a wholly different state of affairs. There, they have a leader ( Saddam Hussein ) who misuses the regulations. He disrespects the regulations and order of Iraq and uses them for his ain propaganda. When people of a state, particularly the leader of a state, discourtesy and misapply the regulations, it can hold an inauspicious consequence on the well being of that state. The worst thing that can go on for jurisprudence and order in a society is when people wholly disrespect them. This is similar to when Pinochet overthrew the Chilean authorities. He banned any opposing positions and besides restricted the freedom of the imperativeness. A period of anarchy ensued and common indi vidual in Chile was really severely hurt. In Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses the conch as an fable to jurisprudence and order in a society. Once people stopped esteeming the power of the conch, the male childs? civilisation was destroyed. Law and order in a society depend on the citizens of that society? s regard for the regulations. When the male childs reached the island, the conch helped to organize the regulations of a society and the assemblies helped to acquire the civilisation started the right manner. The conch gave Ralph the power to name an assembly. Whenever he felt a demand to turn to the regulations of the society or to contemn the male childs for the deficiency of work moral principle he called an assembly to convey all of the male childs together. At the assembly, merely the one keeping the conch is allowed to talk. ? That? s what the shell? s called. I? ll give the conch to the following individual to talk. He can keep it when he? s speaking. ? ( 33 ) This is an tremendous privilege because it allows the holder of the conch to portion his thoughts to the remainder of the group. This is the avenue that Ralph takes to portion his thoughts of the deliverance fire, and besides gives Jack the duty to take the huntsmans ; giving him satisfaction is his power and besides maintaining him happy. This is th e lone manner a individual can derive power and the male childs know and respect that fact. When Ralph is elected, it is because non merely did he name the assembly, but he was besides keeping the conch at the clip of the election. ? Yet most strongly was the conch. ? ( 22 ) The male childs respect the conch. Just the idea of the aura of the conch demanded a monolithic sum of regard, merely like the regulations in a society. ? Ralph smiled and held up the conch for silence. ? ( 23 ) Everything is traveling wondrous for the male childs at this point in the narrative. They have a strong leader, nutrient, fire and strong set of regulations that everyone respects. When all the citizens stay in line the society of which those citizens belong can turn and thrive. When Jack does non listen to the conch, he is disrespecting the regulations and ordinances of the society. By making so, he is seeking to demo that the? Ralph manner? is the incorrect manner of carry oning the island and that his manner is better and, without cognizing it, brings about a downward spiral of jurisprudence and order. ? Conch! Conch! We wear? Ts need the conch any more. We know who ought to state things. What good did Simon make speech production, or Bill or Walter? It? s clip some people knew they? ve got to maintain quiet and leave make up ones minding T hings to the remainder of us. ( 101-2 ) ? He begins a rebellion against the regulations and order of a society. He besides tries to restrict the power of other people besides the leaders. When you take the power of speech production, or the voice, off from the common individual than you become less of a democracy and more of a absolutism. Jack is disrespecting the regulations, which clearly province that merely the individual that has the conch may talk. In a democratic society, there are two ways to derive power over the people ; taking it violently or holding the citizens wilfully give it up. Once the old regulations seem less of import, Jack is more likely to win in making this. The weaker aura and power of the regulations that came with Jack? s mini-revolt laid done the foundation for a all-out power battle that hurt the male childs? society. The society of the male childs can non thrive with the great split between Jack and Ralph. The aura of the conch is gone and there is reall y small to keep the male childs back from lawlessness. When a society no longer respects the regulations and ordinances of a society, there is no manner that it can last. Jack besides used the conch, or the regulations, to his ain propaganda ideals. Jack took advantage of the conch to advance himself and take power off from Ralph. ? And the following thing is that Ralph said my huntsmans are no good. ? ( 126 ) He is seeking to acquire a major portion of the group, the huntsmans, to believe that Ralph, as the leader, does non esteem them and their part to the society. Once Jack misuses the conch, it looses some of the prestigiousness. If everyone can name an assembly, than why would the male childs respect Ralph, who antecedently was the lone individual with the power to make this. The conch is fring power among the male childs merely as the regulations would free power one time such a great split is developed between powerful people. When this happens, people don? T know whom to tur n to. Without the regulations and order to steer them, the male childs are lost on the island. Because of Jack? s gross discrediting of the regulations, the male childs? island society can neer once more reach the highs it did during the period of clip where the regulations meant something. Piggy? s decease is really symbolic because it represents the devastation of the conch and the terminal to all of the regulations and ordinances in the male child? s society. Roger kills Piggy really brutally, which goes against about any set of regulations of all time made. He throws a bowlder at him. This barbarous decease is besides the decease of the conch shell and typify how Roger, Jack and the remainder of the huntsmans hold an unbelievable neglect for the regulations and order of Ralph? s society. ? The conch exploded into a 1000 white fragments and ceased to exist. ? ( 181 ) Not merely where the regulations, or the conch, destroyed, but they? ceased to exist. ? Once the conch is destroyed, Jack? s kin has complete control. In the existent universe, when lawlessness reigns the military is normally who takes over. Once it does so, it has complete control over the people and can pull strings them to its advantage. There is besides cipher to maintain them in line. William Goldin g portrays this new anarchic society best when he talks about the male child being tortured. ? He didn? Ts say ( why ) . He got angry and made us bind Wilford up. ? ( 159 ) Now that there are no regulations, Jack takes full advantage of the state of affairs and dainties people the manner he wanted to from the beginning. Once the conch is destroyed, the regulations? cease to be, ? when this happens the small people, such as Wilford are hurt and the civilisation can non perchance win. The rise and autumn of the conch symbolized the rise and autumn of a system of regulations, ordinances and order in a society and besides was an fable for many historical events. Whether the conch was stand foring the authorship of the fundamental law, or the beginnings of a successful society ; Saddam Hussein? s selfish usage of propaganda ; or a military putsch and province of lawlessness that followed in Chile, it provided a parallel universe demoing how of import the regulations and ordinances are to a successful society. In each state of affairs there is a direct correlativity between the sum the citizens respected the regulations and how successful the state was. The Lord of the Flies shows how of import the peoples? regard for the regulations is. Without it, no society can thrive because jurisprudence and order depend on regard for the regulations.

Paediatric Nursing Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Paediatric Nursing. Answer: Assessment findings and Pathophysiology: Heart rate in 2 year children should be between 98 140 beats per minute. However, in case of Molly recorded heart rate is 155 beats per minute. Abnormal condition like thready pulse is observed in Molly. Thready pulse indicates rapid pulse rate which can be rarely detected. Thready pulse gives feeling of fine mobile thread beneath the palpating finger. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure should be between 86 - 106 mmHg and 42 63 mmHg respectively in the children of Mollys age. However, recorded blood pressure in Molly is 80/42 mmHg. It indicates, hypotension if Molly (Leon et al., 2011). Respiratory rate should be between 22- 37 breaths per minute in children below 2 years. In case of Molly, observed breathing rate is 30 breaths per minute. It indicates normal breathing rate in Molly. Normal body temperature should be between 36.1 to 37.9?C in 2 years children. However, recorded body temperature for Molly is 38.1 ?C which indicates hyperthermia in Molly. Normal capillary refill time should be between 2 3 seconds, however measured capillary refill time in Molly is 4 seconds. This prolonged capillary refill time in Molly indicates possibility of peripheral artery disease (Kliegman, 2015). Gastroenteritis mainly occurs due to infection of the small or large bowel and vomiting and diarrhea are the prominent indications of the gastroenteritis. Optimum fluid balance in the humans is depended on the release and reabsorption of the consumed fluids and electrolytes in the gastrointestinal tract. When intestinal fluid output overcomes the absorption capability of the intestine, there can be occurrence of diarrhea. In case of Molly also watery stool is observed with some amount of mucous, without blood. Molly is having 6 incidences of water stool in the past 24 hours and vomiting also. She is also refusing intake of solid fluid. This may occur due to the malabsorption of the food in the gastrointestinal tract. In gastroenteritis, malabsorption of intestinal contents mainly occurs due to the damage of the villous brush border of the intestine. This malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to the osmotic diarrhea (Graves, 2013). Released toxins in the in intestine bind to certain electrolyte receptors which results in the release of chloride ions in the intestine and consequently secretary or watery diarrhea occurs. Watery diarrhea leads to dehydration in Molly. This dehydration is indicated by prolonged duration of capillary refill time. In children, diarrhea also can lead to the abnormal lung functioning and breathing impairement. However, in case of Molly this condition is not evident. Diarrhea can also lead to the decreased activity in children and Molly also exhibiting lethargic symptom due to dehydration. Infection in the gastroenteritis patients can lead to the occurrence of fever and Molly also exhibiting increased temperature (Noguera et al., 2014). Measurement of vital signs like temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate are indicators for the assessing degree of dehydration in children. In Molly, dehydration alters her temperature, heart rate and blood pressure, however her brea thing rate is normal. Due to dehydration, there can be insufficient amount of fluid in the blood and this deficiency of fluid can be sensed by brain. As a result heart tries to pump more amount of blood. This leads to the increase in the heart rate in children with dehydration. This increase in the heart rate is termed as tachycardia. Less amount of fluid in the capillaries as result of dehydration also results in the decreased pressure against blood vessel walls. In Molly also decreased blood pressure is observed. Blood vessels initiate compensatory mechanisms to raise blood pressure and heart beats at faster rate. This compensatory mechanism leads to the reduced supply of blood to the body tissue. This leads to the less metabolic activity in the tissue which results in the fatigue and lethargy. Molly also exhibiting lethargy (Tam et al., 2014). Fluid and electrolyte management in Molly: Fluid and electrolyte management should be done very carefully in Molly because along with diarrhea, she is also suffering through vomiting. Hence, oral administration of the fluids would be difficult in her. She should be allowed to sip small quantity of water, carbohydrate and electrolyte drinks, sports drinks and readymade rehydration solutions. She should be allowed to suck ice lollies and ice chips. Fever is also evident in Molly. Hence more precautions should be taken because increase in body temperature can exaggerate dehydration. She should avoid heat exposure and should be cooled down. Hence, sweating would be prevented as it would be helpful in avoiding further loss in electrolytes. In diarrhea, there would be blockage of electrolyte receptors, however sodium receptors remain intact in diarrhea. Hence, sodium and water reabsoprtion can be efficient in Molly. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) containing 1:1 proportion of sodium to glucose should be administered in Molly. ORS c an increase sodium reabsorption through sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT-1) and consequently passive reabsorption of water. Rice and cereal-based ORS can also be useful in Molly as these works through sodium-amino acid transporters and increase reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes (Pelc et al., 2014). Maintenance fluid should be administered in Molly to avoid ongoing losses of the electrolytes. Volume of maintenance fluid like ORS can be decided based on the Holliday-Seger method. According to this method volume of ORS can be administered both on hour and per kg body weight basis. After the administration of the maintenance fluid, Molly should be administered with the deficit fluids. These deficit fluids should be administered to make up the loss occurred prior to initiation of the treatment. Volume of deficit fluid should be administered by calculating degree of dehydration. Degree of dehydration can be calculated by measuring reduced body weight. 1 kg reduction in body weight is generally considered as 1L fluid loss. Accordingly, deficit fluid should be administered in Molly. Milk, juice, soda, tea, and sports beverage should not be administered as the deficit fluids because these fluids dosent contain sufficient amount of electrolytes. Commercially available fluids like ORS can be used as deficit fluids in Molly. Molly is refusing to take food and fluid, hence family members should assist and encourage her to take it. Due to dehydration, Molly might be weak and unable to take food and fluid independently. Fluids should be administered to Molly, which she is interested to take because due to vomiting she might lost sense of taste. In this case, she would prefer to take fluids which she likes. Molly should be promoted to maintain oral hygiene because due to dehydration there might be sticky and dry mouth. This can lead to discomfort in taking fluids. Molly should be administered with IV saline because IV fluid would be helpful in avoiding hypovolemic shock in Molly (Freedman et al., 2014). There are more chances of electrolyte loss through diarrhea and it can be prevented by administering anti-diarrheal drugs. Molly is suffering through fever and antipyretic drugs should be administered to her. Antipyretic drugs can be helpful in reducing fluid loss by decreasing temperature and consequent fluid losses due to diaphoresis. Fluids should be administered to Molly in advance, even if fluid loss is stopped. This continuous administration of fluid can be useful in improving interest of taking food. Nurse should monitor for the signs and symptoms like mucosal dryness and urinary concentration which are related to the fluid and electrolyte balance. Nurse should monitor for the change in body weight because it is estimated that approximately 1 litre fluid loss can occur with 1 kg loss in body weight. Nurse should monitor intake and output in Molly. This early identification of the imbalance in fluid and electrolyte balance would be helpful in taking timely corrective measures. Ongoing fluid loss should be maintained with administering 10 ml/kg body weight ORS for every loose stool and 2 ml/kg body weight ORS for each episode of vomiting. Fluid deficit in Molly can be prevented in Molly by administering 50 100 ml/kg ORS after 2 4 hours (Simpson and Teach, 2011). Nutritional requirements: Normal amount of food should be administered to child with gastroenteritis as it would be helpful in maintaining lining of the intestine and help to recover fast. Avoiding food intake can prolong diarrhea in Molly and also impairs electrolyte balance. Molly should be administered with small amount of food in the initial period and it should be increased gradually based on the appetite and improvement in the condition. Molly should be always kept on rehydration by allowing her to drink more water or rehydration solution. Molly should be administered with approximately 500 mL/day. Molly should be allowed to drink cordial fluid, soup, fruit juice and fizzy drinks. Molly should be administered with electrolyte solutions such as Gastrolyte or Pedialyte. Molly should be administered with starchy simple foods like bread or toast, porridge, rice, potatoes, plain biscuits, yoghurt, and milk pudding. In the studies, it is evident that administration of half-strength apple juice followed by jui ce of childrens choice is helpful in preventing failure of treatment. This formula should be used in Molly because it is validated in clinical studies. This formula proved more useful as compared to the ORS (Freedman et al., 2016). Molly should be administered with polymer based ORS. This polymer based ORS is prepared by using rice, wheat, and maize. This polymer based ORS would be useful in reducing number of stools and duration of diarrhea in comparison to the glucose-based ORS. These polymers based ORS facilitate slow digestion of glucose in the intestine and this release of glucose aid uptake of sodium. Molly should return to normal diet as early as possible. Administration of fluid in the initial phase is useful in reducing illness and improving nutritional outcome in Molly. Foods with high content of fats and simple sugars should be avoided in Molly. BRAT diet comprising of bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast should be administered to Molly. This diet is helpful in making stool firmer due to its binding properties and it replaces nutrients lost due to diarrhea and vomiting. BRAT diet doesnt produce any irritation to stomach and it would be helpful in returning to normal diet in Molly. Solid food should b e avoided in Molly until and unless vomiting continues in her. BRAT doesnt have all the nutritional requirements, hence Molly should be returned to normal fruits, vegetable and diet within 24 hours of vomiting and diarrhea (More, 2013; Carroll, 2016). Nursing considerations: Nurse should monitor vital signs, elastic turgor, mucous membrane of lips and consistency and frequency of bowel movements. Nurse should also monitor signs like change in body weight, urinary concentration and amount of fluid intake and output. Molly should be advised to maintain hand hygiene while taking food and she should be in the bed most of the time. Molly should change sitting and sleeping position every 2 3 hours. Nurse should assess abdominal pain, hyperactive bowel sounds and frequency and urgency bowel empting because Molly may not be able to verbalize it properly due to her age. Molly should maintain perianal hygiene after each bowel movement. Molly should be isolated from other children until diarrhea and vomiting persists. Children of Mollys age can be affected significantly due to small change in the body fluid. Hence, nurse should maintain adequate rehydration in Molly to prevent dehydration. There may be development of activity intolerance in Molly due to dehydratio n, however childrens of her age prefer to play with their peers. Hence, nurse should try to stop her from playing until good recovery from dehydration (Glasper et al., 2015; Hockenberry and Wilson, 2014). References: Carroll, W. (2016). Gastroenterology Nutrition: Prepare for the MRCPCH. Elsevier Health Sciences. Freedman, S.B., Willan, A.R., Boutis, K., and Schuh, S. (2016). Effect of Dilute Apple Juice and Preferred Fluids vs Electrolyte Maintenance Solution on Treatment Failure Among Children With Mild Gastroenteritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 315(18), 1966-74. Freedman, S.B., DeGroot, J.M., and Parkin, P.C. (2014). Successful discharge of children with gastroenteritis requiring intravenous rehydration. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 46(1), 9-20. Glasper, E. A., McEwing, G., Richardson, J. (2015). Oxford Handbook of Children's and Young People's Nursing. Oxford University Press. Graves, N.S. (2013). Acute gastroenteritis. Primary Care, 40(3), 727-41. Hockenberry, M. J., and Wilson, D. (2014). Wong'sNursing Care of Infants and Children. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kliegman, R.M.. (2015). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 20th Edition. Philadelphia, PA. Elsevier. Leon, C., Samson, R. A., Schexnayder, S. M., and Hazinski, M. F. (2011). Pediatric Advanced Life Support Provider Manual: Professional Edition. United States of America: American Heart Association. More, J. (2013). Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition: A Practical Handbook. CRC Press. Noguera, T., Wotring, R., Melville, C.R, Hargraves, K., Kumm, J., and Morton, J.M. (2014). Resolution of acute gastroenteritis symptoms in children and adults treated with a novel polyphenol-based prebiotic. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20(34), 12301-7. Pelc, R., Redant, S., Julliand, S., Llor, J., Lorrot, M., et al. (2014). Pediatric gastroenteritis in the emergency department: practice evaluation in Belgium, France, The Netherlands and Switzerland. BMC Pediatrics, 14, 125. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-125. Simpson, J.N., and Teach, S.J. (2011). Pediatric rapid fluid resuscitation. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 23(3), 286-92. Tam, R.K., Wong, H., Plint, A., Lepage, N., and Filler G. (2014). Comparison of clinical and biochemical markers of dehydration with the clinical dehydration scale in children: a case comparison trial. BMC Pediatrics, 14, 149. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-149.