The Media and Eating Disorders Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topic

The Media and Eating Disorders It is funny how so many girls and women today are led to believe that the only way to feel attractive and be beautiful is to have their bodies consist of nothing but skin and bones. Women are dieting more today then they have ever been before. They are striving for an unattainable body figure that is portrayed by the media as being the ideal standard for today's women. It gets worse. Not only are women dieting unlike ever before, but they will ruthlessly harm their bodies in order to achieve these inaccessible standards. This ruthless harm that haunts so many women today just so happens to be what we call eating disorders. Anorexia and bulimia are the primary diseases that go in the category of eating disorders. Who is to blame for this daunting occurrence? In most cases, the media is either some or all to blame for the eating disorder and standards placed for women. Commercials, billboards, women's magazine ads, etc. are all forms of the media that portray negative images of women. When the women in today's society sees what is being advertised (which happens hundreds, if not thousands of times a day) it is not so shocking that many of them strive for these impossible body images. It is when the want and desire becomes so strong that these women drive themselves to starvation and other forms of eating disorders. In order to realize the effect that advertising is having on girls and women in society today, it is important for people to know the facts and statistics that are current about eating disorders. Eight million girls and women are affected with eating disorders (Wilson and Blackhurst 111). Among college-aged women, bulimia affects nearly one in every five (Wilson and Blackhurst 1... ...than the media. It is important, though, to recognize the kind of effect media and advertising has on women. It is important to realize that because of what is portrayed in Western society, many women will go to great lengths (sometimes deadly lengths) just to meet these portrayals. If society wants to change what women are doing to themselves every day, than it is up to the media to start showing women today that it is okay to be who you are, big or small. Works Cited Key, Sandra W.; Lindgren, Maryclaire. "Skinny Models in Ads Cause Immediate Anger, Depression in Women." Women's Health Weekly (5/11/99) 11. Wilson, Nona L.; Blackhurst, Anne E. "Food Advertising and Eating Disorders: Marketing Body Dissatisfaction, the Drive for Thinness, and Dieting in Women's Magazines." Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development 38 (99) 111-122.

Comparison of Dylan Thomas Fern Hill and Robert Frosts Birches Essay

Comparison of Dylan Thomas' Fern Hill and Robert Frost's Birches Poets often use nature imagery to comment on the relationship between humans and the natural environment surrounding them. Traditionally, this relationship is portrayed in a positive manner as it places emphasis on the concept that nature is representative of beauty; consequently, embracing this representation will enlighten the human experience. The facets of that relationship are represented within Dylan Thomas' "Fern Hill" and Robert Frost's "Birches". Both poets invoke an image of nature that is picturesque, serene and innocent in order to convey a message that one can have a fulfilling life if they focus on the beauty that exists within the primary world. Conversely, Coleridge's "Dejection: An Ode" contains a different interpretation of what one's relationship with nature should involve. The speaker feels that a simple appreciation of beauty is insufficient; one must identify with that beauty through the soul in order to be enlightened. Despite the fact that "Fern Hill" and "Birches" initially appear to express satisfaction about the value of superficial human experiences, when analyzed in conjunction with "Dejection: An Ode", the meanings of these two poems are altered. Frost's "Birches", Thomas' "Fern Hill" and Coleridge's "Dejection: An Ode" all convey different levels of dejection upon initial examination; however, when contrasting the expressions of the speaker and the imagery patterns of the poem, these levels of dejection become increasingly ambiguous. The relationship between the... ...rly, all three poems contain elements of dejection at one point; however, the presence of that dejection is tested in Coleridge's case, and increased within the Frost and Thomas poems. It is incredibly ironic that the one poem that was an ode to dejection turned out to be the most positive of the three. WORKS CITED Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. "Dejection: An Ode." The Broadview Anthology of Poetry. Eds. Herbert Rosengarten and Amanda Goldrick-Jones. Peterborough: Broadview P, 1993. 183. Frost, Robert. "Birches." The Broadview Anthology of Poetry. Eds. Herbert Rosengarten and Amanda Goldrick-Jones. Peterborough: Broadview P, 1993. 410. Thomas, Dylan. "Fern Hill." The Broadview Anthology of Poetry. Eds. Herbert Rosengarten and Amanda Goldrick-Jones. Peterborough: Broadview P, 1993. 632.

Unilateral Neglect After Stroke Health And Social Care Essay

Behavioral Inattention Test is a common standardised measuring for one-sided disregard and has been widely used as the chief results in many neglect surveies. A systematic reappraisal was conducted in the undermentioned database from January 1997 to June 2012: PubMed/Medline ( 1965+ via EbscoHost ) , PsyhcINFO ( 1806+ ) , Science Direct, CINAHL ( Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1982+ ) , Cochrane Collaboration ‘s registry of tests and PEDro ( Physiotherapy Evidence Database ) .The reappraisal included articles of randomized controlled tests about neglect schemes among stroke patients that addressed Behavioral Inattention Test as primary results in the intercessions. Meta-analysis was done.ConsequencesTwelve RCTs were identified in our reappraisal harmonizing the inclusion and exclusion standards. The qualities of the surveies were good with average Physiotherapy Evidence Database ( PEDro ) mark of 6.08 A ± 0.81. Different intercessions have been stud ied in RCTs ; Prism Adaptation ( PA ) appeared to be the most common, with 5 out of 12. The meta-analysis showed that for immediate effects of neglect intercessions, the BIT conventional subtests has a statistically important average consequence size of 0.76 ( 95 % CI, 0.28-1.23 ; p=0.002 ) whereas the BIT Behavorial subtest showed no statistically important average consequence size of 0.37 ( 95 % CI, -0.19-0.91 ; p=0.17 ) , and the BIT ( Total ) showed a modest statistically important average consequence size of 0.55 ( 95 % CI, 0.16-0.94 ; p=0.006 ) . However, the meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically important average consequence size on durable effects for all BIT results. Among all intercessions, Prism Adaptation ( PA ) appears to be more effectual when compared to others based on the BIT results after pooled analysis.DecisionPrism Adaptation ( PA ) appeared to be the most common and effectual scheme among rehabilitation intercessions on one-sided disregard and rT MS possibly is a promising attack for intervention of one-sided disregard. Rehabilitation intercessions have positive immediate effects on one-sided disregard as measured by the BIT conventional subtest than that on the behavioral subtest. As shown by the short durable effects, effects of rehabilitation intercessions are frequently transeunt and frequently can non be generalized across clip to daily working. All surveies faced the same failing of lower power with smaller samples and restriction in sightlessness design. More strict surveies should be done before coming to a steadfast decision.KeywordsSystematic reappraisal, Stroke, Unilateral Neglect, Rehabilitation, Treatment, Behavioural Inattention Test1. IntroductionUnilateral disregard ( ULN ) is a heterogenous perceptual upset that follows intellectual hemispherical lesion [ 1 ] , particularly after right hemisphere stroke. The most typically characteristic of disregard is failure to describe or react the stimulation presented from the contralateral infinite, including stimulation from the ocular, somatosensory, audile and kinesthesia stimulation even comprehending their ain organic structure parts [ 2 ] . The reported incidence varies from 10 % to 82 % following right-hemisphere shot and from 15 % to 65 % following left-hemisphere shot [ 3 ] . Capable choice standards, lesion site, the nature and timing of the appraisal and deficiency of understanding on appraisal methods are all responsible for the variableness in the reported rate of happening of one-sided disregard after shot [ 1, 4 ] . As disregard involved upset in directing attending, stand foring infinite and commanding motion, it became an obstruction for recovery from shot. Neglect has a important negative impact associated with functional recovery at place discharge [ 5, 6 ] . Recently more research workers have put attempts on researching the underlying mechanism and the curative methods about the enormous challenge. Different intervention attacks and assessment battery have been developed to measure and rectify disregard. Recent literature shows that interventions for one-sided neglect autumn under two types of behavioural attacks. They are either enrolling the hemiplegic side or limbs to cut down a spacial penchant over the ipsilesional infinite, or bettering consciousness of the contralesional infinite to advance patients ‘ attending [ 7, 8 ] , Up to now, more than 18 methods were put into pattern in these Fieldss [ 9 ] . Surveies based on these attacks have reported changing consequences based on a big figure of outcome steps. Despite the reported quality is moderate for RCTs in neglect rehabilitation [ 7 ] , some attacks appear to be more promising. There were besides remarks that the effects of these new interventions are frequently task-specific or transeunt and frequently can non be generalized to daily working [ 8, 10, 11 ] . It is difficult to state which attack is the optimum rec ommendation for clinical pattern due to deficient grounds [ 9 ] . In add-on, professional healers seldom use these scientifically proved interventions [ 12 ] . The appraisal of ULN in the clinical scene has normally involved in â€Å" pencil-and-paper † undertakings, including line bisection, cancellation undertakings, copying, and pulling [ 13 ] , many RCTs used some of the undertakings as results. The Behavioural Inattention Test ( BIT ) is a criterion-referenced trial for one-sided disregard or ocular inattention in patients enduring from shot or encephalon hurts [ 14 ] . The trial is divided into two classs: the conventional and the behavioural subtests. This survey used the conventional subtest, which is made up of 6 points: line crossing, missive cancellation, star cancellation, figure and form copying, line bisection, and representational drawing. A cancellation subscore was calculated by adding the first 3 cancellation undertakings together and pulling subscore by adding the staying 3 undertakings. This reappraisal aimed to consistently reexamine the updated grounds from RCTs on the effectivity of rehabilitation intercessions for one-sided disregard as measured by the Behavioral Inattention Test ( BIT ) or its conventional ( BIT-C ) and behavioural subtests ( BIT-B ) .2. Methods2.1. DatabaseWe searched the undermentioned electronic databases: PubMed/Medline ( 1965+ via EbscoHost ) , PsyhcINFO ( 1806+ ) , Science Direct, CINAHL ( Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1982+ ) , and Cochrane Collaboration ‘s registry of tests. We besides hand-searched the bibliography of all surveies ordered in full text. Date of publication was restricted between January 1997 and June 2012.2.2. Search schemesWe used the undermentioned footings for seeking databases ( Cerebrovascular accident OR shot ) AND ( Neglect OR visuospatial disregard OR ocular disregard OR one-sided disregard OR hemisphere neglect OR visuo-spatial disregard ) .We included merely RCTs for grownups with age ( 19 old ages + ) published from: 19970101-20120630, restricted to English linguistic communication.2.3. Inclusion and exclusion standardsInclusion standardsWe included: ( 1 ) all RCTs aimed at place the effectivity of any type of rehabilitation intercession to rectify disregard in grownup shot patients as diagnosed with one-sided disregard by clinical scrutiny and/or classical neuropsychological trials ; ( 2 ) Given our intent, we merely considered the surveies which addressed the Behavioral Inattention Test ( BIT ) [ 15 ] as the primary results. The BIT included the conventional subtest ( BIT-C ) and/or the behavioural subtest ( BIT-B ) every bit good as the entire mark of BIT ( BIT ( Total ) ) or both.Exclusion standards:( 1 ) Observational survey, and instance study every bit good as cross-over design surveies ; ( 2 ) Full text is non available ; ( 3 ) with sample size less than 5 in each group ; and ( 4 ) every bit rated as 4 or less out of 10 by the Physiotherapy Evid ence Database ( PEDro ) .2.5. Quality appraisalThe 2 referees ( Nicole, Y.Y.H and Kenneth, F.N.K ) appraised all documents harmonizing to the Physiotherapy Evidence Database ( PEDro ) graduated table. It was developed specifically for measuring the quality of surveies aimed at comparing the effectivity of rehabilitation intercessions [ 16, 17 ] which has been proved to be a valid step of the methodological quality of clinical tests. It was valid to sum PEDro scale point tonss to obtain a entire mark that can be treated as interval degree measuring and subjected to parametric statistical analysis [ 18, 19 ] . There are 11 points in the PEDro graduated table: The first standards point eligibility is non scored which was used as a constituent of external cogency, the other 10 points obtained a entire mark from 10 ( RCT that satisfies all points ) to 0 ( RCT that does non fulfill anyone ) . The PEDro graduated table classify surveies as of high or low qualities based on a cut-off mark a t 6 out of 10. High quality means articles that obtain a mark equal to or higher than 6 and low quality surveies score less than 6.2.4. Data extraction and analysisEach included survey was carefully assessed for inclusion standards, and the necessary information and features of each included survey was ab initio summarized and extracted by the first writer ( first referee ) and was listed on a tabular array. The abstract every bit good as these sum-ups was independently checked and confirmed by a 2nd referee who is the 2nd writer of the manuscript. In instance of dissensions between the referees, the sentiment of the 3rd referee was sought. We calculate Cohen ‘s vitamin D on single consequence sizes for included surveies and compare the comparative effectivity. Meta-analysis one the overall intervention effectivity will be done with Review Manager 5.0. Standardized average difference ( SMD ) was taken as the consequence size and its 95 % assurance interval was computed. Test of heterogeneousness was used to measure the possible heterogeneousness across surveies. If heterogeneousness existed, random-effect theoretical account was used. Otherwise, the fixed-effect theoretical account was used alternatively. The sensitiveness analysis was besides used to measure the impact of the overall intervention effectivity by excepting one test one time at a clip.3. ConsequencesFigure 1 shows the choice procedure. The hunts chiefly yielded 201 commendations from 1997 to 2012. After taking extras, 153 commendations were obtained. Based on the rubric and abstract of the articles, 32 potentially relevant articles were obtained. An d they were so carefully evaluated by the referees. We identified 25 clinical tests [ 20-44 ] which entered the eventually assessment. Reasons for the exclusion of the other 7 articles were: ( 1 ) they were merely reviews or mechanical surveies, instance studies or other clinical survey design such as multiple-baseline design, cross-over design, ( 2 ) absence of a control group, and ( 3 ) the sample is less than 5 in each group. Finally, 12 articles were included in our reappraisal [ 21, 22, 25-27, 30, 32, 35, 36, 39, 40, 44 ] and other articles were excluded as the BIT was non used as the primary outcome step.Fig 1: Overview of literature hunt and choice procedureThe overall quality of the 12 RCTs is just to good ( Table 1 ) . The average sum mark was 6.08 A ± 0.81, with a scope from 5 to 9. 4 of them ( 33.3 % ) were identified with just quality when cut-off line was set at 6 out of 10 based on the PEDro graduated table.Table 1: PEDro tonss of included surveiesItemsSurveiesEligib ility 1: Random allotment 2: Concealed allotment 3: Baseline comparison 4: Blind topics 5: Blind healers 6: Blind assessors 7: Adequate followup 8: Intention-to-treat analysis 9: Between-group comparings 10: Point estimations variablenessMarkQualityNysa et Al. 2008 yes 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 6/10 Good Serino et Al. 2009 yes 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 5/10 Carnival Turton et Al. 2010 yes 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 6/10 Good Mizuno et Al. 2011 yes 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 8/10 Good Ladavas et Al. 2011 yes 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 6/10 Good Robertson et Al. 2002 yes 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 6/10 Good Luukkainen-Markkulaa et Al. 2009 yes 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 5/10 Carnival Fong et Al. 2007 yes 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 6/10 Good Tsang et Al. 2006 yes 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 6/10 Good Harvey et Al. 2003 yes 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 5/10 Carnival Koch et Al. 2012 yes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 9/10 Good Ferreira et Al. 2011 NO 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 5/10 CarnivalFeatures of the included surveiesDescriptions of the 12 articles included in the reappraisal are listed in Table 2. Two surveies [ 40, 44 ] used double-blinded design and others largely were single-blinded tests.Table 2: Features of included surveiesSurveiesMethodsInterventionsBIT based ConsequencesTypeStudy designControlGroupstopics( N )shot continuanceTreatmentgovernmentDurationImmediateLong-runNysa et Al. 2008 Dad single-blind RCT Placebo ( impersonal goggles ) n=16 PA gp=10 CT gp=6 a†°Ã‚ ¤ 4 tungsten Wore brace of goggles fitted with wide-field point-to-point prismatic lenses shifted their ocular field 10A °/0A °rightward and make some fast pointing motions 30min/session four-day-in-row Sessionss 4d BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° follow-upi1m Serino et Al. 2009 Dad single-blind Pseud-RCT Placebo ( impersonal goggles ) ni20 PA gp=10 CT gp=10 a†°?1 m have oning prismatic lenses, which shifted their ocular field 10A °/0A °rightward and indicating motions 30 min/session 10 day-to-day Sessionss within 2 hebdomad 2w BITi+i?†° BITi+i?†° follow-upi1m Turton et Al. 2010 Dad single-blind RCT Placebo ( level field glass ) ni36 PA gp=17 i1 drop-outi?†° CT gp=19 i1 drop-outi?†° a†°?20 vitamin D wore 10 diopters, 6 grade prisms utilizing index finger to touch a bold vertical line on screen one time a twenty-four hours, each working twenty-four hours 2w BITi-i?†° BITi-i?†° follow-upi8w Mizuno et Al. 2011 Dad double-masked RCT Placebo ( impersonal spectacless ) ni38 PA gp=18 CT gp=20 a†°Ã‚ ¤ 3m wore prism spectacless shifted ocular field 12A ° to right and repeat pointing undertakings 20 min/session command, 5 yearss / hebdomad 2w BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° follow up until discharge Ladavas et Al. 2011 Dad single-blind Pseud-RCT Placebo ( impersonal spectacless ) ni30 TPA gp=10 CPA gp=10 CT gp=10 a†°?2m Wore wide-field prismatic lenses bring oning a 10a- ¦ displacement ocular field to right and repeat pointing undertakings 30 min/session one per twenty-four hours, 10 Sessionss 2w TPAi?s BIT-Bi+i?†° BIT-Ci+i?†° CPAi?s BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° No followup Robertson et Al. 2002 LA single-blind RCT silent person device n=40 LA+PT=19 i2 drop-outi?†° PT=21 i2 drop-outi?†° Lanthanum: 152.8A ±142.4 Platinum: 152.1 A ±117.9 utilizing a semi-automatic device for limb activation combined with perceptual preparation 45 min/ session one time a hebdomad 12 Sessionss 12w BIT-Bi-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° follow-upi18-24m Luukkainen-Markkulaa et Al. 2009 LA single-blind RCT traditional ocular scanning preparation ni12 LA gp=6 CT gp=6 a†°Ã‚ ¤6 m arm activation trainingiDetermined by the single manus and arm motor position assessed by WMFTi?†° Entire 48 hours of therapy 3w BIT-Ci+i?†° BIT-Ci+i?†° Follow-upi6m Fong et Al. 2007 TR TR+EP single-blind RCT conventional OT ni54 TR gp=19 TR+EP gp=20 CT gp=15 a†°Ã‚ ¤8 tungsten Trunk rotary motion was performed in three different places: supine lying on a pedestal, unsupported sitting on a pedestal, and standing in a standing frame 1 hour/session 5 times /week 30d BIT-Bi-i?†° BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT i-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT i-i?†° Follow-up= 60d Tsang et Al. 2009 EP single-blind RCT conventional OT ni34 EP gp=17 CT gp=17 EP: 21.5A ±21.67 Connecticut: 22.18 A ± 15.87 underwent occupational therapy with particular spectacless barricading the right half ocular field 30min ADL +30min NDT for UL/day 4w BIT-Ci+i?†° No followup Harvey et Al. 2003 VF RCT Same activities Without feedback ni14 VF gp=7 CT gp=7 5-25 m experimenter-administered pattern of rod raising with justice centre grids for proprioceptive and ocular feedback 1h/d with 3di?†º so 10 yearss of homebased intercession 3d/2w BIT-Ci+i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° BIT-Ci+i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° follow-upi1m Koch et Al. 2012 Terbium double-blind RCT fake spiral angled 90A ° ni18 TBS gp=9 CT gp=9 a†°?1 m ( 43A ±16d ) 3-pulse explosions at 50 Hz repeated every 200 millisecond for 40 s i80 % AMT over the left PPC 2 essions/di15min intervalli?†º 5 d/week 2w BIT-Bi+i?†° BIT-Ci+i?†° BIT i+i?†° BIT-Bi+i?†° BIT-Ci+i?†° BIT i+i?†° follow-upi1m Ferreira et Al. 2011 Military policeman VST single-blind RCT Conventional PT without any intervention for disregard ni15 MP gp=5 VST gp=5 CT gp=5 a†°? 3 m Volt: The protocol included 4 undertakings: 2 directed to the extrapersonal infinite and 2 turn toing peripersonal disregard ; Military policeman: included 4 undertakings: 2 undertakings of motor imagination and 2 of ocular imagination. 1h/session Twice per hebdomad 5w VST: BIT-Ci+i?†° Military policeman: BIT-C ( – ) VST: BIT-Ci+i?†° Military policeman: BIT-Ci-i?†°follow-upi2m Abbreviations: PA=prism version ; LA=limb activation ; TR= bole rotary motion ; EP=eye patching ; VF=Visuomotor feedback ; TBS=Theta-burst stimulation ; MP=mental pattern ; VST= ocular scanning preparation ; BIT= Behavioral Inattention Test ; BIT-C= BIT conventional subtest ; BIT-B= BIT behavioural subtests ; OT=occupational therapy ; PT=physiotherapyParticipantsThis reappraisal encompassed 277 topics with one-sided disregard. All of them were grownups with right encephalon harm due to stroke ; most of the topics had a diagnosing of first individual right hemisphere stroke. The continuance from the shot oncoming covered from acute stage ( a†°Ã‚ ¤4w ) to chronic stage ( a†°?6m ) , but most surveies were conducted in the subacute and chronic stage after shot. All surveies used similar inclusion and exclusion standards including age, diagnosing of shot ( the lesion location based on CT or MRI ) , right-handed, presence of one-sided disregard identified by either a clinical scrutiny or a standard disregard appraisal battery, and free of any other confusing neurological shortages or rational damages.InterventionsAmong the 12 surveies included, five [ 27, 32, 39, 40 ] implemented the effectivity of prism version ( PA ) . There were differences in the PA process, one survey [ 27 ] used insistent PA for a short period, and another survey used different feedback schemes in PA ( Terminal prism version, TPA and Concurrent prism version, CPA ) .During TPA, merely the concluding portion of the indicating motion is seeable and prism version relies most strongly on a strategic recalibration of visuomotor eye-hand co-ordinates. In contrast, for CPA the 2nd half of the indicating motion is seeable, and therefore version chiefly consists of a realignment of proprioceptive co-ordinates [ 39 ] . All the five surveies used the same control methods with impersonal goggles. There were two [ 21, 30 ] articles applied limb activation, other articles used different intercessions: visuomotor feedback, practical world, insistent transcranial magnetic stimulation ( Theta-burst stimulation ) . Compared to a old reappraisal [ 45 ] , there was no new i ntercession reported in this reappraisal in the clip period except the uninterrupted Theta-burst stimulation ( cTBS ) . We included a RCT utilizing rTMS with high quality for the first clip. All surveies investigated individual intervention, except one RCT survey [ 26 ] investigated the effectivity of combinations of two different therapeutics ( trunk rotary motion and eye-patching ) . Duration of intervention period ranged from 3-day [ 29 ] to 5-week [ 38 ] , but for half of the surveies the intervention frequence was 30 min per session, 5 Sessionss per hebdomad, and 2 hebdomads for a entire 10 Sessionss. All intervention were conducted in infirmaries except one [ 22 ] survey involved self-administered home-based pattern for two hebdomads.Outcome measuringIn all surveies the results included functional activities and badness of disregard. The functional results included the Functional Independence Measure, the Barthel Index, upper limb motor maps ( the Wolf Motor Function Test and the Modified Motor Assessment Scale ) every bit good as the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set. Apart from the BIT, the result for neglect badness included the Catherine Bergego Scale ( CBS ) , the Bell Cancellation Test, reading and computerized ocular hunt undertakings, and paper-and-pencil disregard trials. There were three surveies [ 32, 35, 36 ] utilizing BIT entire tonss, three surveies [ 27, 39, 40 ] utilizing both the BIT-C and the BIT-B individually as results, two surveies [ 26, 44 ] utilizing both the BIT entire, the BIT-C and the BIT-B as results. Merely one survey [ 21 ] utilizing the BIT-B entirely as the result.Effectss of rehabilitation intercession1. The optimum intercession for disregard Cohen ‘s vitamin D on single consequence sizes was calculated as the difference between the pre- and posttest agencies for the individual intervention group, divided by the SD of the pretest scores. There were more than one paper about PA, so we pooled the consequence size of PA prior to relative comparing on all consequence sizes. The consequences showed that for immediate effects, PA was the highest one when measured by BIT-C and BIT-B, while CBT was the highest in BIT entire graduated table ; all attacks showed low consequence size in the durable effects ( Table 3a & A ; 3b ) .Table 3a: Immediate consequence size of each attackResultsSurveyApproachEffect sizeBIT-C Ladavas et Al ( 1 ) . 2011 Ladavas et Al. ( 2 ) 2011 Mizuno et Al. 2011 Dad 1.31 [ -0.26, 2.88 ] ( pooled ) Ferreira et Al. 2011 VST 1.16 [ -0.24, 2.56 ] Harvey et Al. 2003 VF 1.15 [ -0.25, 2.55 ] Tsang et Al. 2009 EP 0.71 [ 0.02, 1.41 ] Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.50 [ -0.19, 1.19 ] Luukkainen-Markkula 2009 LA 0.27 [ -0.87, 1.41 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.19 [ -0.48, 0.86 ] BIT-B Ladavas et Al ( 1 ) . 2011 Mizuno et Al. 2011 Dad 0.86 [ -0.45, 2.18 ] ( pooled ) Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.16 [ -0.52, 0.84 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.15 [ -0.52, 0.82 ] Robertson et Al. 2002 LA -0.08 [ -0.70, 0.54 ] BIT ( Total ) Koch et Al. 2012 Terbium 1.46 [ 0.39, 2.53 ] Serino et Al. 2009 Turton et Al. 2010 Dad 0.55 [ 0.16, 0.94 ] ( pooled ) Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.40 [ -0.28, 1.09 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.18 [ -0.49, 0.85 ]Table 3b: durable consequence size of each attackItems Survey Approach Effect size BIT-C Mizuno et Al. 2011 Nysa et Al. 2008 Dad 0.52 [ -0.07, 1.11 ] ( pooled ) Luukkainen-Markkula 2009 LA 0.38 [ -0.76, 1.53 ] Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.26 [ -0.52, 1.03 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.25 [ -0.47, 0.97 ] BIT-B Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.26 [ -0.51, 1.03 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.22 [ -0.50, 0.94 ] Mizuno et Al. 2011 Nysa et Al. 2008 Dad 0.03 [ -0.55, 0.60 ] ( pooled ) Robertson et Al. 2002 LA -0.23 [ -0.85, 0.40 ] BIT ( Total ) Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.27 [ -0.50, 1.05 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.24 [ -0.48, 0.96 ] Koch et Al. 2012 Terbium 1.97 [ 0.79, 3.14 ] Serino et Al. 2009 Turton et Al. 2010 Dad -0.06 [ -0.57, 0.44 ] ( pooled )2. Effectss of rehabilitation intercession versus any control on BIT stepsIn order to see the overall effectivity of rehabilitation intercessions on disregard, we applied a meta-analysis on all BIT consequences refer to standardised average difference ( SMD ) and 95 % assurance intervals ( CI ) utilizing random-effects theoretical accounts. The comparing consequences of both immediate and durable effects based on BIT were summarized in Table 4 and inside informations of single intercessions are presented in wood secret plan ( fig 2a & A ; 2b ) .Table 4 Effectss of rehabilitation intercession versus any control on BIT stepsResult or Subgroup Surveies Participants Statistical Method Effect Estimate 1.1 immediate effects 13 547 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.57 [ 0.29, 0.84 ] A A 1.1.1 BIT-C 9 209 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.76 [ 0.28, 1.23 ] A A 1.1.2 BIT-B 6 183 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.37 [ -0.16, 0.91 ] A A 1.1.3 BIT ( Total ) 5 155 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.55 [ 0.16, 0.94 ] 1.2 durable effects 9 400 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.21 [ 0.01, 0.41 ] A A 1.2.1 BIT-C 5 117 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.37 [ 0.00, 0.74 ] A A 1.2.2 BIT-B 5 145 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.04 [ -0.29, 0.37 ] A 1.2.3 BIT ( Total ) 5 138 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.36 [ -0.21, 0.92 ]Fig 2a Rehabilitation intercession versus any control, result: immediate effectsFigure 2b rehabilitation versus any control, result: durable effectsImmediate consequence of rehabilitation intercession Fig.2a showed the forest secret plan of the immediate effects of the included surveies. The meta-analysis showed that there was important heterogeneousness across the surveies, the random consequence theoretical account was chosen. The BIT-C had a statistically important average consequence size of 0.76 ( 95 % CI, 0.28-1.23 ; p=0.002 ) . The BIT-B showed no statistically important average consequence size of 0.37 ( 95 % CI, -0.19-0.91 ; p=0.17 ) , and the BIT ( Total ) showed a statistically important average consequence size of 0.55 ( 95 % CI, 0.16-0.94 ; p=0.006 ) . The sensitiveness of each test on the average consequence size was besides assessed by excepting one test one time at a clip. The overall consequence was the same even when any one of the tests was eliminated. Durable consequence of rehabilitation intercession Fig.2b showed the forest secret plan of the durable effects of the included surveies. The meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically important on all results of the BIT-C, BIT-B, and BIT ( Total ) .The impact of each test on the average consequence size was besides evaluated by excepting one test at a clip. The consequence was still non-significant ( p & gt ; 0.05 ) even when one of the tests was eliminated. Pooled consequence of PA on disregard Since there was more than one survey on the consequence of PA, we pooled the consequence size of each result ( Table 5 ) . No statistically important consequences were found both immediate and durable effects in all results with important heterogeneousness.Table 5: PA intercession on DisregardResult or Subgroup Surveies Participants Statistical Method Effect Estimate 2.1 immediate effects 5 216 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.89 [ 0.27, 1.51 ] A A 2.1.1 BIT-C 3 74 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 1.31 [ -0.26, 2.88 ] A A 2.1.2 BIT-B 3 74 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.86 [ -0.45, 2.18 ] A A 2.1.3 BIT ( Total ) 2 68 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.59 [ -0.02, 1.19 ] 2.2 durable effects 4 125 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.15 [ -0.20, 0.51 ] A A 2.2.1 BIT-C 2 47 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.52 [ -0.07, 1.11 ] A A 2.2.2 BIT-B 1 16 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) -0.04 [ -1.06, 0.97 ] A A 2.2.3 BIT ( Total ) 2 62 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) -0.06 [ -0.57, 0.44 ]4. DiscussionOur systematic reappraisal indicates that there is modest grounds back uping prism version and oculus patching to cut down one-sided disregard in patients with shot, as shown by the BIT-C both in immediate and durable effects. Other surveies proved positive effects with usage of ocular scanning preparation [ 36 ] , visuomotor feedback [ 22 ] , and TBS [ 46 ] . Since Koch et al [ 44 ] , Merely reported the entire mark of BIT and entire tonss of BIT-C and the BIT-B was non available, it is impossible to pull the decision that rTMS was better than prism version in bettering the public presentation of undertakings from the BIT-C and BIT-B for neglect patients. Harmonizing to this reappraisal, the PA seems slope to had the highest consequence size in immediate effects, but the 95 % assurance interval of consequence size crossed over nothing point, so it is no statistically important when it come to the decision. prism version, a bottom-up intercession affecting sensory-motor malleability, was foremost described by Rossetti et al [ 46 ] based on the phenomenon of visuo-motor version. And has been widely used as a paradigm to show visuomotor short-run malleability [ 47 ] .the process consists of have oning an optical prisms and a series of insistent perceptual-motor indicating motions. The possible nervous mechanism underlying the curative consequence is that prism version reduces left spacial disregard by easing the enlisting of integral encephalon countries responsible for commanding normal visuospatial end product by ways of short-run sensori-motor malleability. This technique have produced some betterment in a broad scope of disregard sym ptoms particularly the ocular 1s [ 48-50 ] . However, some opposite consequences were reported [ 51, 52 ] , The inconsistent consequences likely due to the incomparability of intervention setup, continuance of the intervention, differences in the undertakings used to measure prism version effects and the post-stroke continuance. Similar to PA, oculus patching is another underside up compensational intercession for disregard. In our reappraisal, Tang [ 25 ] reported that the 4 hebdomads application of right hemi-visual field patching demonstrated a important consequence with consequence size of 0.71. This technique concentrates the patients ‘ attending on the contralesional infinite by barricading the ipsilesional ocular field, which lessens the disinhibition to the pointing mechanism of the ipsilesional side ensuing from interhemispheric instability. But more good quality RCTs is needed for measuring the existent impact on disregard. The theta-burst stimulation ( TBS ) is a sort of insistent transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) which showed comparatively high consequence size as measured by the BIT entire tonss in our reappraisal. Transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) has become a popular method to excite the human encephalon, Insistent stimulation ( rTMS ) has particularly gained involvement for its curative potency to modify cortical irritability [ 53 ] , which throw visible radiations on the usage of the inter-hemispheric competition theoretical account in explicating the recovery after neglect upset in shot patients [ 54-57 ] . Harmonizing to these surveies, the insistent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ( rTMS ) induced and repaired the interhemispheric instability ( a neglect-like behaviour ) in the left or right posterior parietal cerebral mantle in healthy worlds. Based on these findings, some surveies were conducted to research whether this attack may be utile in advancing clinical recovery fr om disregard and the consequence is assuring [ 57-60 ] . Compared to traditional standard cognitive intercession, rTMS can speed up clinical recovery and more effectual in bettering standard trials. And it seemed that the severely patients at baseline benefited more from the intercession. However, the different result measurings and clinical test methodological restriction made it impossible to pull any decision based on robust grounds. This reappraisal can non reply inquiry refering the best beginning clip for neglect rehabilitation intercession, because that most participants of the included surveies were recruited in either the subacute or chronic stages. Merely few surveies implemented rehabilitation to pretermit within one month after stroke [ 26, 27 ] . As most of the self-generated recovery after shot was happened in the first month [ 61 ] , in order to avoid the confounding of self-generated recovery, farther research is necessary to find the effects of an earlier rehabilitation against natural recovery of one-sided disregard after shot. Neglect is the best individual forecaster of long-run functional damage and hapless result in the early phase [ 62, 63 ] , and recent surveies on the mechanism of neglect emphasized more on the secondary alterations of remote web related to attending [ 64 ] . A survey [ 65 ] based on neuroimaging showed that at two hebdomads after shot, the usually functional connectivity be tween left and right dorsal parietal cerebral mantle was disrupted and the grade of dislocation correlated with the badness of left spacial disregard. So it is sensible that patients should get down neglect intercession every bit shortly as possible in the acute phase in order to avoid erudite no-use occurred over the neglect side by increasing multisensory inputs or stimulation to the ipslateral encephalon parts and decelerate down the secondary alteration in the encephalon relation to pretermit. For farther research, we recommend earlier intercession and adequate follow up to maximise the benefit and proctor persist consequence of disregard rehabilitation and functional results. Our reappraisal indicates that the BIT conventional subtests and the BIT entire mark may be used to mensurate the immediate effects on one-sided disregard as the entire average consequence size on immediate effects was 0.76 and 0.57 severally, which can be consider as clinically important [ 66 ] . The BIT behavioural subtests should non be used entirely as an result as we could non establish any satisfactory consequence in the BIT-B as the consequence size is excessively little ( average immediate consequence size=0.37, average durable consequence size=0.04 ) to make any statistical important consequences. Restrictions of the reappraisal The reappraisal exists some restrictions. The quality of the included surveies limits the determination of this reappraisal. Although there was an betterment in the coverage quality as the average sum mark in this reappraisal was 6.08 A ± 0.81 ( ranged from 5 to 9 ) as rated by the PEDro, which is higher than that of the antecedently reported mark 4.56 A ± 1.54 with a scope from 2 to 7, obtained from the overall RCTs in another reappraisal of neglect rehabilitation [ 7 ] . The intention-to-treat analysis is non satisfied by any of the surveies. The sightlessness design is still the most failing of these RCTs. The heterogeneousness of surveies included meant this meta-analysis is less powerful and could non place a conclusive optimum intervention approach.in add-on ; extended hunt may acquire more surveies to beef up the decision.DecisionPrism Adaptation ( PA ) appeared to be the most common and effectual scheme among rehabilitation intercessions on one-sided disregard and rTMS po ssibly is a promising attack for intervention of one-sided disregard. Rehabilitation intercessions have positive immediate effects on one-sided disregard as measured by the BIT conventional subtest than that on the behavioral subtest. As shown by the short durable effects, effects of rehabilitation intercessions are frequently transeunt and frequently can non be generalized across clip to daily working. All surveies faced the same failing of lower power with smaller samples and restriction in sightlessness design. More strict surveies should be done before coming to a steadfast decision.

Analyse the gulling scene of Benedict in regards to comedy Essay

The gulling scene of Benedict is Shakespeare’s exploration of trickery and deception. The way in which deception and disorder are presented in the scene results in the comedy through Benedicts exaggerated reaction physically and in facial expression as well as in the whole scene we are in on the joke. The only reason for the deception in the scene paying off is because of the three antagonists making it very convincing this is the truth. When, the gulling scene is first presented between the antagonist roles of Leonato, Claudio and Don Pedro, we as an audience can see the bait that is laid out to the vulnerable Benedict. This is evident when Leonato states ‘she dote on Signor Benedict’ which implies that Beatrice has affection for Benedict who initially loves none. The reason for the comedy generated by this statement is it generates an exaggeration surprised facial expression from Benedict, due to the fact that Beatrice is the character who is said to despise and scorn Benedict and vice versa. In addition comedy, is generated as the audience instantly recognises that the three characters are deceiving the notorious Benedict, who despises love and wishes to die a bachelor. Moreover, comedy is spawned within the gulling scene because of the over-exaggeration of the language. The utilisaton of the phrase ‘enraged affection’ juxtaposes the rage and love, in order to depict Beatrice as someone who is uncontrollably in love with benedict, and the rage represents her anger from this. Furthermore, this phrase is an example of oxy-moron when two opposite emotions are used to emphasize the joke. The contradiction of both words seemingly would not normally fit alongside each other that are a reason for the comedy generated. Moreover, Leonato uses the word ‘infinite’ to describe the love and affection Beatrice has for Benedict. The word infinite is another example of the overstressed language. In this case, this is an example of dramatic irony to generate humor as Benedict does not a he is being deceived to create mild conflict as well as mischief in a playful way. A combination between the over-exaggeration and delivery of the language, in the gulling scene creates the comedy. This is apparent when Claudio says ‘ she falls, weeps, sobs, beats her heart, tears her hair, prays, curses’; the language and terminology that is used is highly exaggerated of Beatrice’s love and affection. The exploitation of this list form, of various different verbs in the present tense to describe her true emotion, generates amusement for the audience. Also, the urgency and fabrication contrasted with the quick pace of the delivery of the lines, is a form of emotional blackmailing. This is the entire opposite against what we have seen of Beatrice and these motions go entirely against her philosophy. This is similar to when Leonato responds to Claudio further fabricating her affection, when the term ‘ecstasy’ is employed. This is a sexual connotation for a sexual experience; reaching the climax/ orgasm that Beatrice feels when she is around Benedict. Linking back to the statement, it is clear to say that the deceit and the false report given by Leonato, Claudio and Don Pedro help in delivery the comedy to the audience. In addition, another factor, which helps to generate the comedy in the gulling scene, is Benedict lack observance that he is being tricked and deceived intentionally. Benedict is portrayed in this scene as being unintelligent, which is a serious contradiction to previous scenes where the battles of wit alongside cunning and clever statements. His unintelligence is projected when he states that the information that Beatrice loves him is of the source ‘ the white bearded fellow’ otherwise known as Leonato. Not only is comedy generated through is foolish remark, but also the way he refers to Leonato in this way, the slang for wise and prudent. Our expectations of Benedict are mistaken therefore it creates humor. In addition, the humor is created when Don Pedro states that Benedict has ‘contemptible spirit’, further justifying that Benedict deserved hatred for his lack of affection and care towards women. The comedy is generated, as we know that Benedict is carefully eavesdropping on the supposedly confidential conversation between the other characters, therefore his attitude and desire to prove them wrong in soliloquy part at the end of the act. Furthermore, when they contrast this with their description of Beatrice ‘an excellent sweet lady’, Benedict’s becomes frustrated with the faults in his personality and the realization that he has suppressed his love, implies he has deceived himself as well. In conclusion, it is debatable the key element in generating the comedy in the gulling scene however it is clearly evident that the use of over-exaggerated language, is vital. From, this scene we can now see that Benedict does not know his women as he says he does and his stupidity alongside his idiocy, helps benefits the comedy at hand. Furthermore, the influence that Don Pedro, Leonato and Claudio have over Benedicts thoughts is a necessity for the comedy to be generated.

Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 17

17. Wide Awake in Sucker-Free Okata scraped the last few drops of blood from the container into the burned-up white girl's mouth. He'd managed to save two of the eight quart containers, but it wasn't going to be enough, he could tell, and after the fight at the butcher shop and his escape, he knew he wasn't strong enough to give her any more of his own blood. She'd need more, and he was going to have to start thinking of her as something besides the â€Å"burned-up white girl.† She was starting to resemble a real person now, more than a person-shaped cinder. A very old, very scary dead person, to be sure, but a person nonetheless. Her red hair nearly covered the pillow now, and she'd moved, if only a little, closing her mouth after the last drops of blood went in. No ash had flaked away with the movement. Okata was glad. Her exposed fangs made him a little uneasy, but now she had lips, sort of. He picked up his sketch pad from the floor, moved to the end of the futon to get a different angle, and began drawing her, as he'd been doing every hour or so since he'd returned from the butcher. He was still covered with the blood that had splashed on him during the fight, but it had long since dried and except for washing his hands so he could work, he'd forgotten it. He finished the sketch, then moved to his workbench, where he transferred a refined version of the drawing to a piece of rice paper so thin it was nearly transparent. He would replicate this drawing four more times, then each would be glued to a woodblock and carved away to make the plate for a different line or color. He looked over his shoulder at her, and felt a tremor of shame. Yes, she looked like a person now, an old, desiccated grandmother, but he shouldn't leave her like that. He took a bowl from the shelf above his little kitchen sink, filled it with warm water, and then knelt by the side of the futon and gently sponged the last patina of ash from her body, revealing the blue-white skin underneath. The skin was smooth, like polished rice paper, but pores and hair follicles were forming as he wiped the ash away. â€Å"Sorry,† he said in English. Then in Japanese he said, â€Å"I have not been mindful, my burned-up gaijin girl. I will do better.† He went to the cabinet under his workbench and removed a cedar box that looked like it might have been fashioned to hold a set of silverware. He opened the lid and removed the square of white silk, then stood and let the garment fall open to its full length. Yuriko's wedding kimono. It smelled of cedar, and perhaps of a bit of incense, but mercifully, it didn't smell of her. He laid the kimono out next to the burned-up girl, and ever so slowly, he moved it under her, gently worked her skeletal arms into the sleeves, then closed the robe and tied it loosely with the white obi. He arranged her arms at her sides so they looked comfortable, then picked up a small flake of dried blood that had fallen from his face onto her breast. She looked better now. Still wraithlike and monstrous, but better. â€Å"There you go. Yuriko would be pleased that her kimono helped cover one who had nothing.† He returned to his workbench and began the drawing for the block that would carry the yellow ink for the futon, when he heard movement behind him and wheeled around. â€Å"Well, don't you look yummy,† Jody said. TOMMY Tommy spent the early evening in the library, reading The Economist and Scientific American. He felt as if all the words were bringing him back from the animal realm to being a human being, and there were plenty of words in those magazines. He wanted his full powers of speech and human thought before he confronted Jody. He also hoped that his memory of what had happened would come back with his words, but that didn't seem to be working. He remembered a red blur of hunger in his head, being thrown through a window and landing on the street, but between that and the time when his words returned in the basement, with the Emperor, he could remember very little. It was as if those experiences-hunting, finding shelter of darkness, snaking his way through the City in a cloud of predators gone to mist-were filed in a part of his mind that locked as soon as the ability to put words to senses returned. He suspected that he may have helped Chet kill people, but if that was the case, why h ad he saved the Emperor? Fortunately, he hadn't lost the ability to turn to mist, which was how he'd obtained the outfit he was wearing now. The whole ensemble-khaki slacks, blue Oxford-cloth shirt, leather jacket, and leather boating moccasins-had been on display in a window at a men's store on Union Square, suspended by monofilament fishing line into the shape of a casual cotton ghost that was haunting other, equally stylish but substanceless marionettes around some deck chairs and artificial sand. Just after the dinner hour, when the store was at its busiest, Tommy streamed in under the door, into the outfit and became solid. With a quick crouch, he snapped all the monofilament line and walked out of the store fully dressed, bits of fishing line curling in his wake. It would, he thought, have been the smoothest, most audaciously cool thing he had ever done, if it hadn't been for the straight pins that had fastened the shirt to the slacks. But after a minor fit on the sidewalk as he yanked the pins out of his back, hips, and abdomen, while rhythmically chanting, â€Å"Ouch, ouch, ouch, ouch,† he returned to the calm and casual cotton-clad vampire aspect he'd been going for. He waited until he was at the library, in the stacks, before he pulled the piece of cardboard out of his collar and yanked off various tags and threads. Fortunately, there had been no anti-theft tags on the display outfit. Now he was ready, or as ready as he was going to get. He had to go to Jody now, hold her, tell her he loved her, kiss her, shag her until all the furniture was broken and the neighbors complained (undead predator or not, he was still nineteen and horny), then figure out what they were going to do about their future. As he walked back through the Tenderloin, dressed in his â€Å"please rob me† white boy outfit, a jittery crackhead in a hoody that had once been green, but now was so dirty it was shiny, tried to rob him with a screwdriver. â€Å"Give me your money, bitch.† â€Å"That's a screwdriver,† Tommy said. â€Å"Yeah. Give me your money or I'll stab you with it.† Tommy could hear the tweaker's heart fluttering, smell the acrid stench of rotting teeth, body odor, and urine on him, and could see an unhealthy, dark gray aura around him. His predator mind flashed the word â€Å"prey.† Tommy shrugged. â€Å"I'm wearing a leather jacket. You'll never get a screwdriver through it.† â€Å"You don't know that. I'll get a running start. Give me your money.† â€Å"I don't have any money. You're sick. You should go to the hospital.† â€Å"That's it, bitch!† The crackhead thrust the screwdriver at Tommy's stomach. Tommy stepped aside. The tweaker's movements seemed almost comically slow. As the screwdriver went by, Tommy decided it might be best if he took it, and he snatched it away. The robber lost his balance and tumbled forward into the street and lay there. With the flick of his wrist, Tommy threw the screwdriver onto the roof of a four-story building across the street. Two guys who had been standing in an alley a few feet away, thinking about taking the robbery over from the crackhead, or at least robbing him if he was successful, decided they would rather go see what was happening on the next block. Tommy was a half a block away when he heard the uneven, limping footsteps of the crackhead coming up behind him. He turned and the crackhead stopped. â€Å"Give me your money,† said the tweaker. â€Å"Stop robbing me,† said Tommy. â€Å"You don't have a weapon and I don't have any money. It's totally not working for you.† â€Å"Okay, give me a dollar,† said the crackhead. â€Å"Still don't have any money,† Tommy said, turning his pants pockets inside out. A note from inspector 18 fluttered to the sidewalk. He heard movement above-claws on stone-and cringed. â€Å"Uh-oh.† â€Å"Fifty cents,† said the crackhead. He put his hand in the pouch pocket of his hoody and pointed his finger like it was a gun. â€Å"I'll shoot.† â€Å"You have got to be the worst armed robber ever.† The crackhead paused for a second and pulled his gun-posed hand out of his pocket. â€Å"I have my G.E.D.† Tommy shook his head. He thought he'd left the cats behind, but the felines either still had some connection to him, or there were so many of them now that there was nowhere in the City you could go where they wouldn't be hunting. He didn't relish trying to explain the whole phenomenon to Jody. â€Å"What's your name?† he said to the crackhead. â€Å"I'm not telling you. You could turn me in.† â€Å"Okay,† Tommy said. â€Å"I'll call you Bob. Bob, have you ever seen a cat do that?† Tommy pointed up. The crackhead looked up the side of the building to see a dozen cats coming down the bricks, face-down, toward him. â€Å"No. Okay, I'm not robbing you anymore,† said the tweaker, his attention taken by the clutter of vampire cats descending on him. â€Å"Have a nice evening.† â€Å"Sorry,† said Tommy, meaning it. He turned and jogged up the street to put some distance between himself and the screaming, which only lasted a few seconds. He looked back to see the crackhead gone. Well, not really gone, but reduced to a pile of gray powder amidst his empty clothing. â€Å"It's how he would have wanted to go,† Tommy said to himself. He would have thought the cats would go for the two in the alley, but now they were taking the people right out on the open street. He was going to have to get Jody and talk her into leaving the City, like they should have in the first place. He jogged the twelve blocks to the loft, careful not to run so fast that he might be noticed. He tried to look like a guy who was just late getting home to his girlfriend, which, in a way, he was. He waited outside the door for a moment before pushing the buzzer. What was he going to say? What if she didn't want to see him? He didn't have any experience to draw on. She'd been the first girl he'd had sex with while sober. She was the first girl he'd ever lived with. She was the first to take a shower with him, to drink his blood, to turn him into a vampire, and to throw him broken and naked through a second-story window. She was his first love, really. What if she sent him away? He listened, looked at the plywood still over the windows, sniffed the air. He could hear people inside, at least two, but they weren't talking. There were machines running, lights buzzing, the smell of blood and rat whiz wafting under the door. It really would have felt better if there were romance in the air, but, well, okay. He ran his fingers through his hair, snatched away the last strands of fishing line trailing from his clothes like errant crystal pubes, and pushed the button. FOO Foo had just placed the vials of Abby's blood in the centrifuge when the buzzer on the intercom went off. He flipped the switch, then looked over at Abby, lying on the bed. She looked so peaceful, undead and drugged and not talking. Almost happy, despite having a tail. But the police wouldn't understand. He ran into the living room and shook Jared out of the game-induced trance he had entered on his game console. Foo could hear the death-metal sound track coming from Jared's headphones, tinny screeching and tiny chainsaw rhythms, like angry chipmunks humping a kazoo inside a sealed mayonnaise jar. â€Å"Whaaa?† said Jared, yanking out his earbuds. â€Å"Someone's at the door,† whispered Foo. â€Å"Hide Abby.† â€Å"Hide her? Where? The closet is full of medical crap.† â€Å"Between the mattress and the box springs. She's skinny. You can mash her in there.† â€Å"How will she breathe?† â€Å"She doesn't need to breathe.† â€Å"Sweet.† Jared went for the bedroom, Foo for the intercom. â€Å"Who is it?† he said, keying the button. He really should have installed a camera. They were easy to wire and he got a discount at Stereo World. Stupid. â€Å"Let me in, Steve. It's Tommy.† Foo thought for a second he might pee a little. He hadn't finished building the high-intensity UV laser, and Abby hadn't worn her sun jacket. He was defenseless. â€Å"I can see why you might be mad,† said Foo, â€Å"but it was Abby's idea. I wanted to turn you back to human, like you wanted.† Oh fuck, oh fuck, oh fuck. Tommy was going to kill him. It would be humiliating. The guy didn't even have an undergrad degree. He was going to be murdered by an undead Anglo liberal-arts tard who quoted poetry. The buzzer went off again. Foo jumped and keyed the intercom. â€Å"I didn't want to do it. I told her it was cruel to put you guys in there.† â€Å"I'm not mad, Steve. I need to see Jody.† â€Å"She's not here.† â€Å"I don't believe you. Let me in.† â€Å"I can't, I have things to do. Scientific things that you wouldn't understand. You have to go away.† Okay, now he was a tard. â€Å"I can come in, Steve, under the door or through the cracks around the windows, but when I go back to solid, I'll be naked. Nobody wants that.† â€Å"You don't know how to do that.† â€Å"I learned.† â€Å"Oh, that's cool,† said Foo. Oh shit, oh shit, oh shit. Could he get the door shut and duct taped before Tommy could ooze in. The great room was already taped up to contain the rat fog. â€Å"Buzz me in, Foo. I have to see Jody and I have to feed. You still have some of those blood pouches, right?† â€Å"Nope. Sorry, we're all out. And Jody's not here. And we've installed sunlamps all over the loft, Tommy. You'd be toast.† He did have some blood bags. In fact, he still had some of the ones with the sedative in it that he'd used to knock Abby out. â€Å"Steve, please, I'm hungry and hurt and I've been living in a basement with a bunch of vampire cats and if I turn to mist my new outfit is going to get stolen while I'm up there snapping your neck with my junk hanging out.† Foo was trying to think of a better bluff when a dark sleeve shot by him and he heard the door lock buzz downstairs. He looked up at Jared. â€Å"What the fuck have you done?† â€Å"Hi,† Tommy said in Foo's ear. â€Å"He sounded so sad,† Jared said. THE OLD ONES At sundown the three awoke inside a titanium vault under the main cabin and checked the monitors that were wired like a nervous system to every extremity of the black ship. â€Å"Clear,† said the male. He was tall and blond and he'd been lean in life, so he remained so, would remain so, forever. He wore a black silk kimono. The two females cranked open the hatch and climbed out into what appeared to be a walk-in refrigerator. The male closed the hatch, pushed a button concealed behind a shelf, and a stainless-steel panel slid across the hatch. They walked out of the fridge, into the empty galley. â€Å"I hate this,† said the African female. She had been Ethiopian in life, descended from royalty, with a high forehead and wide eyes that slanted like a cat's. â€Å"It was to this face that Solomon lost his heart,† Elijah had told her, holding her face in his hands as she died. And so he called her Makeda, after the legendary Queen of Sheba. She didn't remember her real name, for she had worn it for only eighteen years, and she had been Makeda for seven centuries. â€Å"It's different,† said the other female, a dark-haired beauty who had been born on the island of Corsica a hundred years before Napoleon. Her name had been Isabella. Elijah had always called her Belladonna. She answered to Bella. â€Å"It's not that different,† said Makeda, leading the way up a flight of steps to the cockpit. â€Å"It seems like we just did this. We just did this-when?† â€Å"A hundred and fifty years ago. Macao,† said the male. His name was Rolf, and he was the middle child, the peace-maker, turned by Elijah in the time of Martin Luther. â€Å"See what I mean,† said Makeda. â€Å"All we do is sail around cleaning up his messes. If he does this again I'm going to have the boy drag him out onto the deck during the day and video it while he burns. I'll watch it every night on the big screen in the dining room and laugh. Ha!† Although the oldest, Makeda was the brat. â€Å"And what if we die with the sire?† asked Rolf. â€Å"What if you wake up in the vault on fire?† He palmed a black glass console and a panel whooshed open in the bulkhead. The cockpit, big enough to host a party for thirty, was lined in curving mahogany, stainless steel, and black glass. The stern half was open to the night sky. But for the ship's wheel, it looked like an enormous Art Deco casket designed for space travel. â€Å"I've died before,† said Makeda. â€Å"It's not that bad.† â€Å"You don't remember,† said Bella. â€Å"Maybe not. But I don't like this. I hate cats. Shouldn't we have people for this?† â€Å"We had people,† said Rolf. â€Å"You ate them.† â€Å"Fine,† said Makeda. â€Å"Give me my suit.† Rolf touched the glass console again and a bulkhead opened to reveal a cabinet filled with tactical gear. Makeda pulled three black bodysuits from the cabinet and handed one each to Rolf and Bella. Then she slid out of her red silk gown and stretched, naked, her arms wide like Winged Victory, her head back, fangs pointed at the skylight. â€Å"Speaking of people,† said Bella. â€Å"Where's the boy? I'm hungry.† â€Å"He was feeding Elijah when we awoke,† said Rolf. â€Å"He'll be along.† Elijah was kept below in a vault similar to their own, except the prime vampire's vault was airtight, locked from the outside, and was fitted with an airlock system so the boy could feed him. â€Å"Irie, me undead dreadies,† said the pseudo-Hawaiian as he came up the steps, barefoot and shirtless, carrying a tray of crystal balloon goblets. â€Å"Cap'n Kona bringin' ya the jammin' grinds, yeah?† The vampires each spoke a dozen languages but none of them had the slightest idea what the fuck Kona was talking about. When he saw Makeda stretching, the blond Rastafarian stopped and nearly dumped the goblets off the tray. â€Å"Oh, Jah's sweet love sistah, dat smoky biscuit givin' me da rippin' stiffy like dis fellah need to poke squid with that silver sistah on de Rolls-Royce, don't you know?† Makeda fell out of her â€Å"Nike† posture and looked at Rolf. â€Å"Huh?† â€Å"I think he said he would enjoy violating you like a hood ornament,† said Rolf, taking a snifter from the tray and swirling dark liquid under his nose. â€Å"Tuna?† â€Å"Just caught, bruddah,† said Kona, having trouble now balancing the tray while trying to hunch to conceal the erection tenting his baggies. Bella took her snifter from the tray and grinned as she turned to look out the windscreen at the City. The Transamerica Pyramid was lit up in front of them, Coit Tower just to the right, jutting from Telegraph Hill like a great concrete phallus. Makeda took a slinky step toward Kona, â€Å"Should I let him rub oil on me, Rolf? Do I look ashy?† â€Å"Just don't eat him,† Rolf said. He sat in one of the captain's chairs, loosened the belt of his black kimono, and began working the Kevlar bodysuit over his feet. â€Å"Quaint,† said Makeda. She took another step toward Kona, held her bodysuit before her, then dropped it. In an instant she had gone to mist and streamed into the suit, which filled as if a girl-shaped emergency raft had been deployed inside. She snatched the last goblet out of the air as Kona flinched and dumped the tray. â€Å"Will you oil me up later, Kona?† Makeda said, standing over the surfer now as he cowered. â€Å"Nah need, matey, you shinin' plenny fine. But dat other ting bein' a rascal fo' sure.† He held his hand to his chest and ventured a glance up at her. â€Å"Please.† â€Å"It's your turn,† said Bella with a smile, her lips rouged with tuna blood. â€Å"Oh, all right,† said Makeda. â€Å"But use a glass.† Kona reached into the pocket of his baggies and came out with a shot glass, which he held with both hands before his head like a Buddhist monk receiving alms. She pushed her thumb against one of her fangs, then let the blood drip into Kona's shot glass. Ten drops in, she pulled her thumb away and licked it. â€Å"That's all you get.† â€Å"Oh, mahalo, sistah. Jah's love on ya.† He drained the blood then licked the shot glass clean, as Makeda watched and sipped her tuna blood. After a full minute, with the ersatz Hawaiian still lapping away at the glass, his breath heaving like he was hoisting the anchor by hand, she took the shot glass and held it away from him. â€Å"You're done.† â€Å"Bug eater,† Bella said, disgusted. Now she was in her own bodysuit and had drained her goblet of blood. â€Å"Oh, I think he's cute,† said Makeda. â€Å"I may let him oil me up yet.† She ruffled Kona's dreadlocks. He was staring blankly into space, his mouth open, drooling. â€Å"Just don't eat him,† Rolf said. â€Å"Stop saying that. I won't eat him,† said Makeda. â€Å"He's a licensed captain. We need him.† â€Å"All right. I'm not going to eat him.† Bella walked over, yanked a dreadlock from Kona's head, and used it to tie back her own, waist-length black hair. The surfer didn't flinch. â€Å"Bug eater,† she repeated. Rolf was back at the cabinet, snapping together various bits of weaponry. â€Å"We should go. Grab a hood, gloves to go with the sunglasses. Elijah said they had some sort of sunlight weapons.† â€Å"This is different,† said Bella, gathering all the high-tech kit from the weapons cabinet, as well as a long overcoat to cover it all. â€Å"We didn't have all this in Macao.† â€Å"As long as you're not bored, darling,† said Rolf. â€Å"I hate cats,† said Makeda as she pulled on her gloves.

Purpose of Social Studies in Schools

What is social studies? * Social studies is the integrated study of social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence. Social studies provides coordinated, systematic study drawn upon such disciplines as anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, history, law, philosophy, political science, psychology, religion and sociology as well as a appropriate content from the humanities and natural sciences. The goals of social studies 1. Fostering attitudes and identifying values Values are ends or ideas which are held by a person.They are the standards or codes which direct our actions. Attitudes are directly derived from values. Our values determine how we behave, each person or society have different values. The teaching of positive values is important because it teaches children to value themselves and also their environment. Children copies values from the people around them mostly adults. Displaying good attitudes will teach children respect for truth, respect for truth, reasoning, enquire and freedom to make choices. . Developing skills Developing skills helps individual to understanding the world around them and help them to cope with it. This skill helps individuals develop proper problem solving skills. It is important for citizens to have information or fact about where they live and the people in their environment. This will help them to understand major issues in their local, national and global communities. There are two types of skills to be developed, intellectual skills and social skills.The skills of critical thought (intellectual skills) provides for: Grasping the meaning of a statement or action, Separating fact from fiction/opinion, Assessing the relevance of the facts, Assessing the reliability to the facts, Judging whether sufficient information is available, Finding out what factors influence the situation, Recognizing all possible actions that could be taken, Deducting the possible and Deciding which the best solution is. Social s kills are human-relations skills which are needed for effective functioning of a group.They imply a concern for the feelings of others in the group and can be taught effectively by group work experiences which require participants: To cooperate with others to achieve common goals, To practice reaching consensus, To willingly explain and support their viewpoint, To express disagreement in a friendly way, to listen to and seriously consider the suggestions of others, to develop empathy with other people and to develop self-discipline and responsibility 3. Establishing knowledge and understandingEvery person living in a country need to have basic information or facts about the society they live in or in other words the world they live in. This is the background for understanding their own experiences. The learner will acquire strategies to analyze, interpret, create, and use resources and materials. Knowledge and understanding of the past enable us to analyze the causes and consequence s of events and developments, and to place these in the context of the institutions, values and beliefs of the periods in which they took place.Study of the past makes us aware of the ways in which human beings have viewed themselves, their societies and the wider world at different periods of time. There are a few objectives; Use map and globe reading skills, Interpret graphs and charts, Detect bias, Interpret social and political messages of cartoons and Interpret history through artifacts, arts, and media. 4. Promoting social participation Social studies are primarily concerned with preparing citizens who are equipped with the knowledge and possess the skills to participate in affairs of society.In our Jamaican society we have a democratic system, it is important for every eligible citizen to participate in the election of our leader. The knowledge contained in social studies programmes provides pupils with information, develop the understanding they will need to play these roles a adults and to make reasoned and informed decisions. At the same time, the activities and experience provided in the programmes enable the development of a range of values attitudes and skills such as reading and study skills as well as intellectual and social skills.Knowledge, values, attitudes and skills are necessary for active participation in civic affairs. These skills provide the link between knowledge and values and attitudes which make participatory action possible. Justify the place of social studies in the primary school curriculum. Personally I think social studies are out on the back burner too often; more emphasis should be place on this subject area. Social studies help children to develop their identity. The study of individual development and identity will help students to describe factors important to the development of personal identity.They will explore the influence of peoples, places, and environments on personal development. Students will hone personal skill s such as demonstrating self-direction when working towards and accomplishing personal goals, and making an effort to understand others and their beliefs, feelings, and convictions. I believe social studies should be part of the curriculum for the purpose of helping students understand human interactions that occurred in the past, and occurring now, and that are likely to occur in the future.The reasons for these understandings is to help students develop and nurture values that will make it more likely that they will be able to determine for any situation what the right thing is and do it, especially when the right thing is hard to do. Since we live in a society, having a deep knowledge of society helps a person to be a better citizen to any country. For the younger generation to grow up to become humane, it is important that the generation is exposed to different societies.It is necessary to show them differences in lifestyles that people around the world have. Learning how to app ly civic ideals as part of citizen action is essential to the exercise of democratic freedoms and the pursuit of the common good. Through social studies programs, students acquire a historical and contemporary understanding of the basic freedoms and rights of citizens in a democracy, and learn about the institutions and practices that support and protect these freedoms and rights, as well as the important historical documents that articulate them.Students also need to become familiar with civic ideals and practices in countries other than our democratic republic Children need to be exposed to various social aspects of mankind and made to understand the different aspects of social behavior. It is necessary to make children realize their duty towards society. Social studies are an important subject because of its main purpose, creating good citizen. It aims at creating educated individuals who can grow up to be responsible citizen of their nation.The study of social studies intends to build creative, caring and courteous human beings out of children. Teaching our children social studies increase the possibility of their becoming knowledgeable individuals. Teaching them social studies increases chances that they will adhere to ethical and moral values in their life, for positively contributing members of their communities. We want children to gain the ability to become independent in every aspect. We most certainly want children to be knowledgeable about the world they live in.This goal of developing â€Å"good citizen’’ is vast, but so is the impact we as teachers will have on children in adulthood. It is through the teaching of social studies that we can shape our students into citizens worthy of respect. The knowledge contained in social studies provides children with information, develop the understandings they will need to play these roles as adults and to make reasoned and informed decisions. It develops values, attitudes and skills such as r eading and studying, as well as intellectual and social skills.In the early grades, students are introduced to civic ideals and practices through activities such as helping to set classroom expectations, examining experiences in relation to ideals, participating in mock elections, and determining how to balance the needs of individuals and the group. During these years, children also experience views of citizenship in other times and places through stories and drama. By the middle grades, students expand their knowledge of democratic ideals and practices, along with their ability to analyze and evaluate the relationships between these ideals and practices.They are able to see themselves taking civic roles in their communities. The study of people, places, and environments enables us to understand the relationship between human populations and the physical world. Students learn where people and places are located and why they are there. They examine the influence of physical systems, such as climate, weather and seasons, and natural resources, such as land and water, on human populations.They study the causes, patterns and effects of human settlement and migration, learn of the roles of different kinds of population centers in a society, and investigate the impact of human activities on the environment. This enables them to acquire a useful basis of knowledge for informed decision-making on issues arising from human-environmental relationships. Another purpose of this subject is to help children deal with problems. Today’s children are faced with a lot of problems in schools and in their homes. Children are being abused and subjected to domestic violence.Children are in gangs and on drugs. These are some of the challenges children have to deal with in their everyday lives. The ability of problem solving is probably the most important skill any person should have. Children will also be more capable of making wise decisions. Young learners begin by priorit izing their economic wants vs. needs. They explore economic decision-making as they compare their own economic experiences with those of others and consider the wider consequences of those decisions on groups, communities, the nation, and beyond.In the middle grades, learners expand their knowledge of economic concepts and principles, and use economic reasoning processes in addressing issues related to fundamental economic questions. Most people think of history when they think of social studies. History plays a large role in social studies. History examines the forces of change and continuity. Its study enables us to understand the relationship between the present and the past and the mistakes and the triumphs that this world that this world has been through. Students are required to learn about the past in order to provide them with a context for today’s society and current events. As the popular Jamaican term goes â€Å"you have to know where you are coming from to know w here you are going†. History lessons also provide students with valuable role models such as Martin Luther King. These are just some of the importance or social studies in the curriculum. Social studies course work # 1 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. What is social studies? (3)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. Identify and discuss the goals of social studies? (12)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4. Justify the place of social studies in the primary school curriculum. (10)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 . Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..

Propose and Justify Research Method and Design Proposal

Propose and Justify Method and Design - Research Proposal Example 2. Available Research Methods There are two methods available to the researchers when it comes to developing an appropriate research design. As the design of the research work is the basic pillar of the reliability of results retrieved, it becomes of pivotal importance for researchers to carefully select a research design and methodology keeping in view the nature of the study. The two types of methodologies identified by the researcher are qualitative research and quantitative research. Qualitative research methods are primarily the personal interpretation of the researcher’s idea about the subject on which research work is carried out. The outcomes retrieved from qualitative researches vary mainly because each member of the sample has its own opinion and perceptions about different phenomena. The most popular characteristic of qualitative research work is that the data on which the results are tested is also descriptive and qualitative in nature. Qualitative research methods are appropriate for studies that aim at identifying prevailing trends, social practices or different phenomena. In this manner, qualitative research is more suitable for environmental studies. ... These research designs help researchers to test the reliability of the outcomes from primary research by applying statistical and mathematical formulas. The outcome of these calculations helps the researchers to monitor the reaction of sample members towards a number of questions, multiple choice questions, stimulators and case studies. The best aspect of the quantitative research method is that it allows researchers to adopt scientific approach to find the answers to research questions and validate or reject hypothesis. Another factor which makes quantitative research methods more reliable and accurate is that it depends upon the cause and effect to validate or reject the hypothesis, thus facilitating to conclude the research work efficiently. 3. Selected Research Method Considering the research problem, which is aimed to identify the impact of monetary and non-monetary motivators on employees’ motivation, the researcher has selected the quantitative research method and desig n. For this reason, the researcher has selected two companies, i.e. ABC Corporation and XYZ Associates. The reason behind selecting the quantitative research methodology is that it allows the researcher to manipulate the statistical data pertaining to employees’ perception of motivators into useful information and answer the research questions. This data contains employees’ responses to a survey questionnaire which represents employees’ degree of agreement and disagreement with particular statements. These statements measure the respondents’ idea about different motivators, and then help to rank the motivators from top to bottom, according the employees’ preference for each motivator. The research methodology adopted